Australia's Nobel Laureates |
A country with a lot of Nobel laureates will be good at Life Sciences. Elsewhere on this site we talk about the importance of a network of strong Universities for building capability in the Life Sciences (click here). Universities are places where a lot of basic research gets done, and without the knowledge thereby created, most of the successful biotech and medical device companies we have today wouldn't have had their start. One easy way to gauge the quality of a country's Universities, when it comes to bioscience, is the Nobel Prizes for Medicine and for Chemistry. These Prizes only get handed out once a year, and they only go to genuinely ground-breaking scientists. We analysed the 125 living Nobel laureates in these two categories, and found that the number which a country has generated tends to roughly correlate with the power of that country's Life Sciences sector.
Country |
Living Medicine or Chemistry laureates |
United States |
58 |
Germany |
12 |
UK |
11 |
Japan |
10 |
Israel |
6 |
France |
5 |
Australia |
4 |
Sweden |
4 |
Switzerland |
4 |
Canada |
2 |
Netherlands |
2 |
Norway |
2 |
China |
1 |
Denmark |
1 |
Italy |
1 |
Mexico |
1 |
Taiwan |
1 |
TOTAL |
125 |
Nobel laureates have been good for Life Sciences ventures. Developing useful ideas for industry has long been a hallmark of great scientists. The classic example was the Frenchman Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), who, in addition to the germ theory of disease, gave the beverage industry pasteurisation and the silk industry a method to screen silkworms eggs for N. bombycis. More recently, Nobel laureates have been instrumental in lending their knowledge and prestige to building the biotech industry - one thinks of Walter Gilbert as a co-founder of Biogen and the work of the Paul Berg and the late Arthur Kornberg in building DNAX.
Australia ranks high on the Nobel league table. Over the years, nine scientists either born and raised in Australia, or whose careers have been closely associated with Australia, have won either the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine or the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Four of them are still living. It's also worth noting that the father-and-son team of Sir William Bragg (1862-1942) and Sir Lawrence Bragg (1890-1971), famous for their pioneering work on X-ray crystallography (vital in modern drug development), spent many years in Adelaide where William was a Professor at the University there. The Braggs won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915. Sir Lawrence was only 25 at the time.
Australia ranks high on the Nobel league table. Over the years, nine scientists either born and raised in Australia, or whose careers have been closely associated with Australia, have won either the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine or the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Four of them are still living. It's also worth noting that the father-and-son team of Sir William Bragg (1862-1942) and Sir Lawrence Bragg (1890-1971), famous for their pioneering work on X-ray crystallography (vital in modern drug development), spent many years in Adelaide where William was a Professor at the University there. The Braggs won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915. Sir Lawrence was only 25 at the time.
Howard Florey, Baron Florey of Adelaide and Marston (1898-1968)
|
Nobel: Physiology or Medicine
Year: 1945 Prize awarded for: The development of penicillin. Why Florey was a legend: The antibiotic revolution of the 1940s was primarily spearheaded by an Adelaide boy. Howard Florey gained his MBBS from the University of Adelaide in 1921. He was a Rhodes Scholar but transferred to Cambridge for his PhD in 1927. By 1934 he was Professor of Pathology at Lincoln College, Oxford. In 1938, after reading Sir Alexander Fleming's paper discussing the antibacterial effects of Penicillium notatum mould, Florey started working with Sir Ernst Chain on large-scale production of the mould and efficient extraction of the active ingredient. By 1945 penicillin could be produced at industrial scale. |
Sir Macfarlane Burnet (1899-1985)
|
Nobel: Physiology or Medicine
Year: 1960 Prize awarded for: Research on acquired immunological tolerance. Why Burnet is a legend: Born in Traralgon, around 160 km east of Melbourne, Burnet earned his MBBS in 1922 and his MD in 1924 from the University of Melbourne. He earned his PhD from the University of London in 1928. Burnet was Director of the prestigious Walter and Eliza Hall Institute in Melbourne from 1944 to 1965. He won the Nobel Prize because of the 1949 second edition of a book called The Production of Antibodies. In it he hypothesised that the introduction of a foreign substance into an embryo, before the maturation of the immune system, would cause the antigen to be accepted as 'self'. Britain's Sir Peter Medawar (1915-1987), Burnet's fellow Nobel for 1960, subsequently proved this experimentally. |
Sir John Eccles (1903-1997)
|
Nobel: Physiology or Medicine
Year: 1963 Prize awarded for: Work on the properties of synapses. Why Eccles is a legend: Sir John, known as Jack Eccles, was born in Melbourne and gained his MD from the University of Melbourne in 1925. He went to Magdalen College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar and received his PhD there in 1929. It was while he was Professor of Physiology at the University of Otago in New Zealand that he proved, in 1951, that synaptic transmission in the central nervous system was a chemical process, not an electrical one. Eccles was Foundation Professor of Physiology in the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University in Canberra from 1951 to 1966. |
Sir Bernard Katz (1911-2003)
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Nobel: Medicine
Year: 1970 Prize awarded for: Work on neurotransmitters. Why Katz was a great Australian import, as well as a legend: Born in the German city of Leipzig to a Russian Jewish family, Katz gained his MD from the University of Leipzig in 1934. Wisely, he left Nazi Germany shortly thereafter for University College London, where he gained his PhD in 1938. Katz's initial Australian connection was his postdoctoral work from 1938 with Sir John Eccles at University of Sydney. While in Australia, Katz became a naturalised British subject (all Australians were British in those days) and served with the Royal Australian Air Force. He returned to University College London in 1946, where he spent the rest of his career. Katz won his Nobel for showing how neurotransmitters are passed across the synapse. |
Sir John Cornforth (1917-2013)
|
Nobel: Chemistry
Year: 1975 Prize awarded for: Work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalysed reactions. Why Cornforth was a legend: Sir John, nickname 'Kappa', was born in Sydney and gained his BSc from the University of Sydney in 1938. He completed his PhD at St Catherine’s College, Oxford in 1941, there being no way of gaining a PhD in chemistry in Australia in the 1930s and 1940s. Cornforth remained in the UK for the rest of his career. During World War II he worked at Oxford on the structure of the central molecule in penicillin. Cornforth won the Nobel Prize for figuring out the complex biosynthetic pathway in which acetic acid, containing two carbon atoms, is converted in nature into the steroid cholesterol, which contains 27 carbon atoms in four rings. Cornforth was Professor of Chemistry at the Universities of Warwick (1965-1971) and Sussex (1971-1982). |
Robin Warren (1937 - )
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Nobel: Medicine
Year: 2005 Prize awarded for: Discovery of Helicobacter pylori. Why Warren is a legend: Like Howard Florey, Robin Warren is an Adelaide boy. He gained his MBBS from the University of Adelaide in 1961. In 1979 Warren was working as a senior pathologist at Royal Perth Hospital when he first observed small curved bacteria on a gastric mucosa biopsy. By the early 1980s Warren had been able to link this bacteria to a specific variety of gastritis. After Warren met Barry Marshall, registrar in Royal Perth's gastroenterology department, the two of them worked through the mid-1980s to culture the bacteria, H. pylori, and show that it caused peptic ulcers. Get rid of the bacteria via simple antibiotics, they found, and the potentially cancerous ulcers will go away. The world was on its way to the elimination of stomach cancer. |
Peter Doherty (1940 - )
|
Nobel: Medicine
Year: 1996 Prize awarded for: Discovery of the mechanism of cell-mediated immune defence. Why Doherty is a legend: A Brisbane native, Doherty gained his BSc and Msc in Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland in 1962 and 1966 respectively. He obtained his PhD in 1970 from the University of Edinburgh. Doherty won his Nobel for work done in the mid-1970s at the ANU's John Curtin School with his fellow laureate, the Swiss Rolf Zinkernagel (1944 - ). The two men, studying the response of mice to viruses, found that white blood cells have to recognise both the virus and certain 'Major Histocompatibility Complex' antigens in order to be able to kill virus-infected cells. The MHC antigens stand for the 'self' that the healthy immune system knows not to attack. |
Elizabeth Blackburn (1948 - )
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Nobel: Medicine
Year: 2009 Prize awarded for: Discovery of telomeres and telomerase. Why Elizabeth is a legend: Born in Hobart, Elizabeth Blackburn gained her BSc in 1970 and MSc in 1972 at the University of Melbourne, followed by her PhD in 1974 at Darwin College, Cambridge. She has spent most of her career in the University of California system at UC Berkeley from 1981 to 1990 and then at UCSF. Elizabeth is current President of the Salk Institute at La Jolla in southern California. Her discovery of the telomeres around 1980 and telomerase around 1984 opened up new ways of understanding cellular immortality, with implications for the future of cancer treatment. |
Barry Marshall (1951 - )
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Nobel: Medicine
Year: 2005 Prize awarded for: Discovery of Helicobacter pylori. Why Marshall is a legend: Barry Marshall hails from Kalgoorlie, a dusty gold mining town around 600 km east of Perth in the Western Australian desert. He gained his MBBS from the University of Western Australia in 1974. As we noted above, Marshall collaborated with Robin Warren on the search for H. Pylori at Royal Perth Hospital in the early and mid 1980s. Marshall is probably the best known of the four living Australian Nobel laureates listed here because of his published 1984 'attempt to fulfil Koch's postulates'. That involved drinking a Petri dish of the bacterium to prove it was disease causing. |
Living Nobel laureates in either Medicine or Chemistry, by age
Paul Boyer (born 1918, Provo, Ut.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1997.
Jens Christian Skou (born 1918, Lemvig, Denmark), Danish, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1997.
Edmond Fischer (born 1920, Shanghai, China), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1992.
Stanley Cohen (born 1922, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1986.
Arvid Carlsson (born 1923, Uppsala, Sweden), Swede, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2000.
Rudolph Marcus (born 1923, Montreal, Qc), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1992.
Roger Guillemin (born 1924, Dijon, France), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1977.
Torsten Wiesel (born 1924, Uppsala, Sweden), Swede, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1981.
Oliver Smithies (born 1925, Halifax, UK), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007.
Paul Greengard (born 1925, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2000.
Paul Berg (born 1926, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1980.
Aaron Klug (born 1926, Želva, Lithuania), British, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1982.
Andrew Schally (born 1926, Vilnius, Lithuania), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1977.
Sydney Brenner (born 1927, Germiston, South Africa), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2002.
Manfred Eigen (born 1927, Bochum, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1967.
James Watson (born 1928, Chicago, Il.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1962.
Elias James Corey (born 1928, Methuen, Ma.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1990.
Osamu Shimomura (born 1928, Kyoto, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2008.
John Polanyi (born 1929, Berlin, Germany), Canadian, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1986.
Werner Arber (born 1929, Gränichen, Switzerland), Swiss, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1978.
Eric Kandel (born 1929, Vienna, Austria), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2000.
Martin Karplus (born 1930, Vienna, Austria), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2013.
William Campbell (born 1930, Derry, UK), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2015.
Akira Suzuki (born 1930, Mukawa, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2010.
Tu Youyou (born 1930, Ningbo, China), Chinese, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2015.
Hamilton Smith (born 1931, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1978.
Walter Gilbert (born 1932, Boston, Ma.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1980.
Dudley Herschbach (born 1932, San Jose, Ca), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1986.
Luc Montagnier (born 1932, Chabris, France), French, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2008.
Richard Ernst (born 1933, Winterthur, Switzerland), Swiss, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1991.
Robert Curl (born 1933, Alice, Tx.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1996.
John Gurdon (born 1933, Dippenhall. UK), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2012.
Paul Crutzen (born 1933, Amsterdam, Netherlands), Dutch, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1995.
Bengt Samuelsson (born 1934, Halmstad, Sweden), Swede, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1982.
Satoshi Ōmura (born 1935, Nirasaki, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2015.
Ei-ichi Negishi (born 1935, Changchun, China), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2010.
Alan Heeger (born 1936, Sioux City, Ia), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2000.
Michael Bishop (born 1936, York, Pa,), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1989.
Harald zur Hausen (born 1936, Gelsenkirchen, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2008.
Günter Blobel (born 1936, Waltersdorf,Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1999.
Hideki Shirakawa (born 1936, Tokyo, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2000.
Ferid Murad (born 1936, Whiting, In.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1998.
Gerhard Ertl (born 1936, Stuttgart, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2007.
Yuan T. Lee (born 1936, Shinchiku City, Taiwan), Taiwanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1986.
Robert Huber (born 1937, Munich, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1988.
Robin Warren (born 1937, Adelaide, Australia), Australian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2005.
Roald Hoffmann (born 1937, Złoczów, Ukraine), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1981.
Mario Capecchi (born 1937, Verona, Italy), Italian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007.
Avram Hershko (born 1937, Karcag, Hungary), Israeli, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2004.
Tomas Lindahl (born 1938, Stockholm, Sweden), Swede, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2015.
David Baltimore (born 1938, New York, N), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1975.
Ryōji Noyori (born 1938, Kobe, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2001.
Kurt Wüthrich (born 1938, Aarberg, Switzerland), Swiss, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2002.
Sidney Altman (born 1939, Canada), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1989.
Ada Yonath (born 1939, Jerusalem, Israel), Israeli, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009.
Susumu Tonegawa (born 1939, Nagoya, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1987.
Jean-Marie Lehn (born 1939, Rosheim, France), French, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1987.
Leland Hartwell (born 1939, Los Angeles, Ca), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2001.
John O'Keefe (born 1939, New York, NY), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2014.
Harold Varmus (born 1939, Oceanside, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1989.
Joseph Goldstein (born 1940, Kingstree, SC), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1985.
Thomas Steitz (born 1940, Milwaukee, Wi.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009.
Peter Doherty (born 1940, Brisbane, Australia), Australian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1996.
Arieh Warshel (born 1940, Sde Nahum, Israel), Israeli, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2013.
Martin Evans (born 1941, Stroud, UK), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007.
John Walker (born 1941, Halifax, UK), British, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1997.
Dan Shechtman (born 1941, Tel Aviv, Israel), Israeli, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2011.
Michael Brown (born 1941, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1985.
Barry Sharpless (born 1941, Philadelpha, Pa), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2001.
Louis Ignarro (born 1941, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1998.
Jules Hoffmann (born 1941, Luxembourg), French, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2011.
Robert Grubbs (born 1942, Echternach, Luxembourg), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2005.
John Sulston (born 1942, Cambridge, UK), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2002.
Fraser Stoddart (born 1942, Edinburgh, UK), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2016.
Stanley Prusiner (born 1942, Des Moines, Ia), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1997.
Bert Sakmann (born 1942, Stuttgart, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1991.
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born 1942, Magdeburg, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1995.
Tim Hunt (born 1943, Neston, England), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2001.
Mario Molina (born 1943, Mexico City, Mexico), Mexican, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1995.
Robert Lefkowitz (born 1943, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2012.
Richard Roberts (born 1943, Derby, UK), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1993.
Johann Deisenhofer (born 1943, Zusamaltheim, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1988.
Rolf Zinkernagel (born 1944, Riehen, Switzerland), Swiss, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1996.
Erwin Neher (born 1944, Landsberg am Lech, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1991.
Phillip Sharp (born 1944, Falmouth, Ky), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1993.
Jean-Pierre Sauvage (born 1944, Paris, France), French, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2016.
Kary Mullis (born 1944, Lenoir, NC), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1993.
Richard Schrock (born 1945, Berne, In.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2005.
Yoshinori Ohsumi (born 1945, Fukuoka, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2016.
Paul Modrich (born 1946, Raton, NM), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2015.
Richard Axel (born 1946, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2004.
Aziz Sancar (born 1946, Savur, Turkey), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2015.
Martin Chalfie (born 1947, Chicago, Il.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2008.
Linda Buck (born 1947, Seattle, Wa.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2004.
Roger Kornberg (born 1947, St Louis, Mo.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2006.
Robert Horvitz (born 1947, Chicago, Il.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2002.
Michael Levitt (born 1947, Pretoria, South Africa), Israeli, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2013.
Eric Wieschaus (born 1947, South Bend, In.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1995.
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (born 1947, Paris, France), French, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2008.
Aaron Ciechanover (born 1947, Haifa, Israel), Israeli, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2004.
Thomas Cech (born 1947, Chicago, Il.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1989.
Hartmut Michel (born 1948, Ludwigsburg, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1988.
Elizabeth Blackburn (born 1948, Hobart, Australia), Australian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2009.
Randy Schekman (born 1948, St Paul, Mn.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2013.
Paul Nurse (born 1949, Norwich, UK), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2001.
Peter Agre (born 1949, Northfield, Mn.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2003.
James Rothman (born 1950, Haverhill, Ma.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2013.
Bernard Feringa (born 1951, Barger-Compascuum, Netherlands), Dutch, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2016.
Barry Marshall (born 1951, Kalgoorlie, Australia), Australian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2005.
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (born 1952, Chidambaram, India), British, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009.
Jack Szostak (born 1952, London, UK), Canadian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2009.
William Moerner (born 1953, Pleasanton, Ca), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2014.
Brian Kobilka (born 1955, Little Falls, Mn.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2012.
Thomas Südhof (born 1955, Göttingen, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2013.
Roderick MacKinnon (born 1956, Burlington, Ma.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2003.
Bruce Beutler (born 1957, Chicago, Il.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2011.
Andrew Fire (born 1959, Palo Alto, Ca), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2006.
Koichi Tanaka (born 1959, Toyama, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2002.
Eric Betzig (born 1960, Ann Arbor, Mi.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2014.
Craig Mello (born 1960, New Haven, Ct), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2006.
Carol Greider (born 1961, San Diego, Ca), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2009.
Edvard Moser (born 1962, Trondheim, Norway), Norwegian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2014.
Shinya Yamanaka (born 1962, Osaka, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2012.
Stefan Hell (born 1962, Arad, Romania), German, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2014.
May-Britt Moser (born 1963, Fosnavåg, Norway), Norwegian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2014.
Jens Christian Skou (born 1918, Lemvig, Denmark), Danish, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1997.
Edmond Fischer (born 1920, Shanghai, China), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1992.
Stanley Cohen (born 1922, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1986.
Arvid Carlsson (born 1923, Uppsala, Sweden), Swede, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2000.
Rudolph Marcus (born 1923, Montreal, Qc), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1992.
Roger Guillemin (born 1924, Dijon, France), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1977.
Torsten Wiesel (born 1924, Uppsala, Sweden), Swede, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1981.
Oliver Smithies (born 1925, Halifax, UK), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007.
Paul Greengard (born 1925, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2000.
Paul Berg (born 1926, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1980.
Aaron Klug (born 1926, Želva, Lithuania), British, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1982.
Andrew Schally (born 1926, Vilnius, Lithuania), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1977.
Sydney Brenner (born 1927, Germiston, South Africa), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2002.
Manfred Eigen (born 1927, Bochum, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1967.
James Watson (born 1928, Chicago, Il.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1962.
Elias James Corey (born 1928, Methuen, Ma.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1990.
Osamu Shimomura (born 1928, Kyoto, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2008.
John Polanyi (born 1929, Berlin, Germany), Canadian, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1986.
Werner Arber (born 1929, Gränichen, Switzerland), Swiss, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1978.
Eric Kandel (born 1929, Vienna, Austria), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2000.
Martin Karplus (born 1930, Vienna, Austria), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2013.
William Campbell (born 1930, Derry, UK), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2015.
Akira Suzuki (born 1930, Mukawa, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2010.
Tu Youyou (born 1930, Ningbo, China), Chinese, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2015.
Hamilton Smith (born 1931, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1978.
Walter Gilbert (born 1932, Boston, Ma.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1980.
Dudley Herschbach (born 1932, San Jose, Ca), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1986.
Luc Montagnier (born 1932, Chabris, France), French, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2008.
Richard Ernst (born 1933, Winterthur, Switzerland), Swiss, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1991.
Robert Curl (born 1933, Alice, Tx.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1996.
John Gurdon (born 1933, Dippenhall. UK), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2012.
Paul Crutzen (born 1933, Amsterdam, Netherlands), Dutch, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1995.
Bengt Samuelsson (born 1934, Halmstad, Sweden), Swede, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1982.
Satoshi Ōmura (born 1935, Nirasaki, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2015.
Ei-ichi Negishi (born 1935, Changchun, China), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2010.
Alan Heeger (born 1936, Sioux City, Ia), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2000.
Michael Bishop (born 1936, York, Pa,), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1989.
Harald zur Hausen (born 1936, Gelsenkirchen, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2008.
Günter Blobel (born 1936, Waltersdorf,Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1999.
Hideki Shirakawa (born 1936, Tokyo, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2000.
Ferid Murad (born 1936, Whiting, In.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1998.
Gerhard Ertl (born 1936, Stuttgart, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2007.
Yuan T. Lee (born 1936, Shinchiku City, Taiwan), Taiwanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1986.
Robert Huber (born 1937, Munich, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1988.
Robin Warren (born 1937, Adelaide, Australia), Australian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2005.
Roald Hoffmann (born 1937, Złoczów, Ukraine), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1981.
Mario Capecchi (born 1937, Verona, Italy), Italian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007.
Avram Hershko (born 1937, Karcag, Hungary), Israeli, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2004.
Tomas Lindahl (born 1938, Stockholm, Sweden), Swede, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2015.
David Baltimore (born 1938, New York, N), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1975.
Ryōji Noyori (born 1938, Kobe, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2001.
Kurt Wüthrich (born 1938, Aarberg, Switzerland), Swiss, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2002.
Sidney Altman (born 1939, Canada), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1989.
Ada Yonath (born 1939, Jerusalem, Israel), Israeli, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009.
Susumu Tonegawa (born 1939, Nagoya, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1987.
Jean-Marie Lehn (born 1939, Rosheim, France), French, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1987.
Leland Hartwell (born 1939, Los Angeles, Ca), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2001.
John O'Keefe (born 1939, New York, NY), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2014.
Harold Varmus (born 1939, Oceanside, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1989.
Joseph Goldstein (born 1940, Kingstree, SC), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1985.
Thomas Steitz (born 1940, Milwaukee, Wi.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009.
Peter Doherty (born 1940, Brisbane, Australia), Australian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1996.
Arieh Warshel (born 1940, Sde Nahum, Israel), Israeli, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2013.
Martin Evans (born 1941, Stroud, UK), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007.
John Walker (born 1941, Halifax, UK), British, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1997.
Dan Shechtman (born 1941, Tel Aviv, Israel), Israeli, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2011.
Michael Brown (born 1941, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1985.
Barry Sharpless (born 1941, Philadelpha, Pa), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2001.
Louis Ignarro (born 1941, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1998.
Jules Hoffmann (born 1941, Luxembourg), French, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2011.
Robert Grubbs (born 1942, Echternach, Luxembourg), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2005.
John Sulston (born 1942, Cambridge, UK), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2002.
Fraser Stoddart (born 1942, Edinburgh, UK), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2016.
Stanley Prusiner (born 1942, Des Moines, Ia), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1997.
Bert Sakmann (born 1942, Stuttgart, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1991.
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born 1942, Magdeburg, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1995.
Tim Hunt (born 1943, Neston, England), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2001.
Mario Molina (born 1943, Mexico City, Mexico), Mexican, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1995.
Robert Lefkowitz (born 1943, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2012.
Richard Roberts (born 1943, Derby, UK), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1993.
Johann Deisenhofer (born 1943, Zusamaltheim, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1988.
Rolf Zinkernagel (born 1944, Riehen, Switzerland), Swiss, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1996.
Erwin Neher (born 1944, Landsberg am Lech, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1991.
Phillip Sharp (born 1944, Falmouth, Ky), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1993.
Jean-Pierre Sauvage (born 1944, Paris, France), French, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2016.
Kary Mullis (born 1944, Lenoir, NC), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1993.
Richard Schrock (born 1945, Berne, In.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2005.
Yoshinori Ohsumi (born 1945, Fukuoka, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2016.
Paul Modrich (born 1946, Raton, NM), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2015.
Richard Axel (born 1946, New York, NY), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2004.
Aziz Sancar (born 1946, Savur, Turkey), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2015.
Martin Chalfie (born 1947, Chicago, Il.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2008.
Linda Buck (born 1947, Seattle, Wa.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2004.
Roger Kornberg (born 1947, St Louis, Mo.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2006.
Robert Horvitz (born 1947, Chicago, Il.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2002.
Michael Levitt (born 1947, Pretoria, South Africa), Israeli, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2013.
Eric Wieschaus (born 1947, South Bend, In.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1995.
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (born 1947, Paris, France), French, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2008.
Aaron Ciechanover (born 1947, Haifa, Israel), Israeli, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2004.
Thomas Cech (born 1947, Chicago, Il.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1989.
Hartmut Michel (born 1948, Ludwigsburg, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1988.
Elizabeth Blackburn (born 1948, Hobart, Australia), Australian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2009.
Randy Schekman (born 1948, St Paul, Mn.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2013.
Paul Nurse (born 1949, Norwich, UK), British, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2001.
Peter Agre (born 1949, Northfield, Mn.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2003.
James Rothman (born 1950, Haverhill, Ma.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2013.
Bernard Feringa (born 1951, Barger-Compascuum, Netherlands), Dutch, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2016.
Barry Marshall (born 1951, Kalgoorlie, Australia), Australian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2005.
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (born 1952, Chidambaram, India), British, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009.
Jack Szostak (born 1952, London, UK), Canadian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2009.
William Moerner (born 1953, Pleasanton, Ca), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2014.
Brian Kobilka (born 1955, Little Falls, Mn.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2012.
Thomas Südhof (born 1955, Göttingen, Germany), German, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2013.
Roderick MacKinnon (born 1956, Burlington, Ma.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2003.
Bruce Beutler (born 1957, Chicago, Il.), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2011.
Andrew Fire (born 1959, Palo Alto, Ca), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2006.
Koichi Tanaka (born 1959, Toyama, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2002.
Eric Betzig (born 1960, Ann Arbor, Mi.), American, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2014.
Craig Mello (born 1960, New Haven, Ct), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2006.
Carol Greider (born 1961, San Diego, Ca), American, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2009.
Edvard Moser (born 1962, Trondheim, Norway), Norwegian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2014.
Shinya Yamanaka (born 1962, Osaka, Japan), Japanese, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2012.
Stefan Hell (born 1962, Arad, Romania), German, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2014.
May-Britt Moser (born 1963, Fosnavåg, Norway), Norwegian, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2014.
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